Applying for U.S. citizenship is one of the most important steps in your immigration journey. Fortunately, you don’t need a lawyer to file Form N-400 — the Application for Naturalization — if your case is straightforward. This guide walks you through the process step by step, so you can submit your application confidently and avoid common mistakes.
What Is Form N-400?
Form N-400 is the official application used by green card holders (lawful permanent residents) to apply for U.S. citizenship through the naturalization process. It’s filed with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), either online or by mail.
You can apply on your own if:
- You’ve had your green card for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen)
- You’ve lived in the U.S. continuously for the required period
- You meet the physical presence, English, and civics requirements
Step 1: Make Sure You Qualify
Before filing, confirm you meet these key eligibility requirements:
✅ Basic Eligibility
- Age 18 or older
- Lawful permanent resident (green card holder)
- Lived in the U.S. for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a citizen)
- Physically present in the U.S. for at least half that time
- No recent long trips abroad (more than 6 months at a time)
- Good moral character (no serious criminal record)
You can check full details on USCIS eligibility guidelines.
Step 2: Gather the Required Documents
You’ll need:
- Your green card (front and back)
- Passport-style photos (if filing by mail)
- Marriage certificate (if applying through the 3-year rule)
- Proof of termination of previous marriages (if applicable)
- Documents for name changes, arrests, or tax issues (if relevant)
- Selective Service proof (if male and age 18–26 at any time in the U.S.)
Optional: Tax transcripts, travel records, or additional proof of continuous residence may be helpful in complex cases.
Step 3: Fill Out Form N-400
You can fill out the form online through a free USCIS account or download and complete the PDF version.
Tips for Filling It Out:
- Answer every question. If it doesn’t apply, write “N/A” or “None.”
- Be honest, especially about criminal history, taxes, and travel.
- Double-check dates of entry/exit and marriage timelines.
- Include explanations in Part 11 if you’ve had legal issues or unusual circumstances.
Mistakes or missing info can lead to delays or denial.
Step 4: Pay the Filing Fee
As of 2025, the filing fee for Form N-400 is $760. This includes:
- $640 application fee
- $120 biometrics fee
How to Pay:
- Online filings: Pay via credit/debit or bank account through your USCIS account.
- Mail filings: Include a check or money order payable to “U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” Avoid abbreviations.
You may request a fee waiver (Form I-912) if you receive certain public benefits or have low income.
Step 5: Submit the Form
You have two options:
Option 1: File Online
- Create a USCIS online account
- Complete the form digitally
- Upload supporting documents
- Track your case, get updates, and respond to requests
Online filing is faster and easier to manage.
Option 2: File by Mail
- Print and sign the completed N-400
- Attach supporting documents
- Include a check/money order for fees
- Mail to the correct USCIS Lockbox based on your location
Check USCIS’s Direct Filing Addresses for where to send it.
Step 6: Attend Biometrics Appointment
USCIS will send you a notice for your biometrics appointment, usually 2–4 weeks after submission. Bring:
- Appointment notice (Form I-797C)
- Green card
- Photo ID (driver’s license or passport)
They’ll collect your fingerprints, photo, and signature for background checks.
Step 7: Prepare for the Interview
A few months later, you’ll be scheduled for an interview at your local USCIS office.
What Happens at the Interview:
- Review of your N-400 application
- English test (reading, writing, speaking)
- Civics test (10 questions from a list of 100)
If you pass all parts and your application is in order, you may be approved the same day.
Step 8: Take the Oath of Allegiance
The final step is attending a naturalization ceremony. You’ll take the Oath of Allegiance, return your green card, and receive your Certificate of Naturalization.
Some people are scheduled for the oath on the same day as the interview. Others wait a few weeks.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Filing too early before you’re eligible
- Forgetting to sign the form or include the fee
- Not disclosing old travel or criminal records
- Skipping the civics test preparation
- Not updating USCIS if you move (use Form AR-11)
FAQs
Can I file Form N-400 myself without a lawyer?
Yes — many people successfully file on their own, especially for simple cases.
How long does the process take?
On average, 8–12 months from filing to oath ceremony, depending on your location.
What if I don’t pass the English or civics test?
You get one re-test within 60–90 days.
Can I still apply if I’ve had an arrest or tax issue?
Maybe — it depends on the details. Provide documentation and consider legal advice.
Can I travel while N-400 is pending?
Yes, if you have a valid green card. Just don’t miss any USCIS appointments.
Final Thoughts
Filing Form N-400 without a lawyer is absolutely possible if you take the time to prepare. Read every question carefully, provide accurate information, and keep records of everything you submit. U.S. citizenship is a major milestone — and with the right steps, it’s within reach.
