If you’re applying for a green card, one of the first choices you’ll need to make is how to apply: Adjustment of Status (AOS) or Consular Processing. Both lead to lawful permanent residence—but the process, timeline, and risks can vary significantly depending on which path you take.
This guide breaks down the key differences between Adjustment of Status and Consular Processing, including eligibility, application steps, processing times, and real-world considerations to help you choose the best option for your situation.
What Is Adjustment of Status?
Adjustment of Status is the process of applying for a green card from within the United States without leaving the country. It’s typically used by individuals who are already in the U.S. on a valid visa and want to become permanent residents.
You can stay in the U.S. while your application is pending, and in many cases, apply for work and travel authorization at the same time.
What Is Consular Processing?
Consular Processing involves applying for a green card from outside the U.S. After your initial petition is approved by USCIS, your case is transferred to the National Visa Center (NVC) and then to a U.S. embassy or consulate in your home country. You’ll attend a green card interview abroad, and if approved, enter the U.S. as a permanent resident.
Consular Processing is often the default method if you’re not currently in the United States.
Key Differences at a Glance
| Feature | Adjustment of Status | Consular Processing |
|---|---|---|
| Where You Apply | Inside the U.S. | Outside the U.S. |
| Work Authorization | Can apply with Form I-765 | Must wait until green card is approved |
| Travel Authorization | Apply with Form I-131 | Not needed (you’ll re-enter with an immigrant visa) |
| Interview Location | USCIS field office | U.S. embassy or consulate |
| Processing Time | 8–20 months (varies) | 6–12 months (varies) |
| Appeal Rights | Broader | Limited |
| Risk of Denial | Lower (for eligible applicants) | Slightly higher due to travel and security vetting |
Who Should Use Adjustment of Status?
You may be eligible for Adjustment of Status if:
- You are physically present in the U.S.
- You entered the U.S. legally (with a visa or parole)
- You have a valid immigrant petition (such as I-130 or I-140)
- A visa is immediately available in your category
- You have not violated immigration laws (or qualify for exceptions)
This path is especially common for:
- Spouses of U.S. citizens
- Immediate relatives (parents, unmarried children under 21)
- Certain employment-based applicants already in the U.S.
Who Should Use Consular Processing?
Consular Processing is best if:
- You’re living outside the U.S.
- You can’t adjust status due to unlawful entry or expired visa
- You don’t want to wait inside the U.S. or don’t qualify for AOS
- Your petition was approved and forwarded to the NVC
This method is common for:
- Family-based green card applicants waiting abroad
- Employment-based immigrants being hired from overseas
- Diversity Visa lottery winners outside the U.S.
Pros and Cons of Adjustment of Status
✅ Pros:
- You can stay in the U.S. while your case is pending
- You can apply for work and travel permits (EAD and Advance Parole)
- Interview takes place locally
- Generally more appeal rights if denied
⚠️ Cons:
- Processing times can be long
- You may be unable to travel while waiting (unless you get Advance Parole)
- Mistakes can cause delays or denials
- More expensive in total (multiple filing fees)
Pros and Cons of Consular Processing
✅ Pros:
- Often faster overall (especially for cases outside the U.S.)
- Clearer process with less documentation after petition approval
- No need to apply for separate work or travel permits
⚠️ Cons:
- Requires international travel
- Less protection if your case is denied
- Risk of visa refusal due to administrative processing
- Time apart from family if applying solo
Real-World Example: Choosing the Right Path
Case 1: Adjustment of Status
David, a software engineer on an H-1B visa, married a U.S. citizen in 2024. Since he was already living in New York, they filed I-130 and I-485 together. David received his work and travel permits in 4 months and got his green card after a local USCIS interview.
Case 2: Consular Processing
Maria, a Mexican citizen, was sponsored by her U.S. citizen brother. After the I-130 was approved, Maria received notice from the NVC and completed consular processing through the U.S. embassy in Mexico City. She entered the U.S. with her immigrant visa and received her green card by mail.
FAQs: Adjustment of Status vs. Consular Processing
Q1: Can I choose between the two?
If you’re in the U.S. and eligible for AOS, you can choose. If you’re abroad, consular processing is your only option.
Q2: Can I travel while Adjustment of Status is pending?
Not without Advance Parole (Form I-131). Traveling without it can cancel your application.
Q3: Is one method faster?
Consular Processing is often faster, but AOS may be better for those already in the U.S. and eligible for work permits.
Q4: What if I entered the U.S. without a visa?
You generally cannot use Adjustment of Status unless you qualify under special programs. Consular processing may be your only option.
Q5: Do both require interviews?
Yes. AOS applicants interview at a USCIS office. Consular applicants attend interviews at U.S. embassies or consulates.
Conclusion: Choose the Path That Matches Your Situation
Both Adjustment of Status and Consular Processing can get you to the same result—a green card. But the right path depends on where you are, how you entered the U.S., and what your immigration history looks like.
If you’re in the U.S. legally and want to stay during the process, Adjustment of Status might be ideal. If you’re abroad or have past immigration issues, Consular Processing may be the safer route. Either way, knowing the difference helps you make smart, informed decisions—and avoid delays or costly mistakes.
